Athenian Democracy and Meritocracy

Athenian Democracy and Meritocracy To what extent did the Athenian democracy live up to its ideology of being a meritocracy, and to what extent was power still in the hands of the wealthy? Athenian democracy was an evolving process in the 5th century B.C. The concentration of power in the political establishment would change considerably from when the first seeds were planted until the voting citizenship was expanded and new leaders emerged towards the end of the century. Democracy was not instituted in the name of human rights but for pragmatic purposes and it is necessary that we look at it in this light when considering whether Athens was a meritocracy and whether the wealthy still held considerable power in Democratic Athens. It is certainly true that Athenian Democracy, like all systems, on paper differed considerably to how it was implemented. In this essay I will argue that Athenian Democracy was largely successful in implementing a state democracy in which, to a large extent, there were no obvious discrepancies over who was favoured in matters of society and the state. I will show that the Athenian constitution largely kept the city as a meritocracy, making its citizens equal before the state in matters of legality and political power. However, I will also consider the limitations of Athenian Democracy and to what extent certain functions may have limited its success. I will argue that the power of the wealthy was in most respects limited by the structure of the state but was held back to some extent by the inevitable advantages that come from wealth. I will mainly be arguing that whatever limitations there were, they were not enough to have a damaging effect on democracy as a whole. The Athenian Democracy allowed that only adult males of Athenian ancestry were part of the democratic system, which overall made up around 10-20% of the demos. Slaves, freed slaves, children, women and metics (foreigners in Athens) were excluded. It is obvious from this that to label Athens as a meritocracy in the modern sense is absurd. In this essay, I will consider Athens as a meritocracy in terms of the rights and opportunities of those who are citizens, not from those who aren’t and will therefore consider to what extent Athenian Democracy worked the way it was supposed to. The wealthy did not hold power to the extent that it harmed the democratic process. The wealthy certainly did have many advantages compared to the poor, but this is not necessarily any comment upon Athenian democracy simply an inevitability that those with wealth will be able to achieve more than those without. The wealthy had power but not to an extent that was greatly damaging to the state. When defining wealth, I will consider Aristotle’s definition as including money, land, real estate, furniture, livestock and a high quality and quantity of slaves (Rhet. 1361a12-16). There was most definitely a significant wealth inequality amongst Athens’s citizens whereby the leisure class (those who didn’t need to work as a result of family fortunes, nobility etc.) made up roughly 5-10% of the populace. This class barrier was certainly realised by the lower classes who often showed their resentment at the wealthy. However despite this inequality, they did not see this as particularly affecting when it came down to the political and legal powers of the people, as this inequality was grudgingly accepted. Wealth discrepancies were not seen as unjust as potential legal or political barriers that may have affected the citizens. (see Ober ch.5) Politically, wealth as a tool was restricted as a result of the various stipulations in the constitution. There was no longer any property qualification for the academy or for voting and the holding of political offices as well as juries received payment for these services, meaning that the democratic or legal process was not hinged on the use of wealth to buy political office or to serve as part of the legal jurisdiction. The constitution minimised any overt legal or political control by the wealthy, who still had economic power but this fact is only to be expected in a society such as Athens which thrived on the control of goods and services. This idea of the accepted separation of wealth inequality with legal and political affairs can be seen with the orator Demosthenes: â€Å"The rich have great wealth which no one keeps them from enjoying though they must not keep us from enjoying the security which is our most common possession – the laws† (Demosthenes, Against Meidias, (22.25-27)) Therefore, the wealth inequality was not viewed by the people as un-democratic or damaging to their political power and rights (Ober 199.) The wealth even often had a positive effect on the democratic process, benefiting even the poor. The various taxes imposed on the rich (liturgies, war taxes and fines given out by the courts) was often redistributed in a way that greatly benefitted the poorer in society, such as state projects, the upkeep of the city, the academy and also security from outside threats. Therefore, often the wealthy had a positive effect on both the city and the poor, with their money often acting as subsidies for the less wealthy instead of them exploiting the poor for their own benefit. (Ober 202) However, it is true that there were indeed many situations in which the wealth were able to use their money as leverages and to exert a certain amount of power over the lower classes. In legal matters, the wealthier would often get less punitive punishments for certain crimes such as theft. The wealthy could also dominate proceeding through the use of bribes – they could use money to buy silence from witnesses or make them lie, they could also try and bribe prosecutors and use their wealth to buy support from the crowd. Also, the dependence of the state on the money received from the rich could have damaging effects. The wealthy may try and hide their wealth from the state or even refuse to pay certain taxes that are voluntary. It is also true that the allegiance of the wealthy to the Athenian state was not as solid as the poorer citizens as they were less dependent on the state structure which was very beneficial towards the poor. These actions of the rich could potentially have very negative outcomes in situations where the state were in need of the wealth of the rich. Finally, in times of war the rich certainly had an easier time, whereby the rich could use their money in order to buy positions as horsemen which were less involved in the fighting than the frontline soldiers who were often composed of those soldiers who could not afford as expensive equipment as those less wealthy. The wealthy were limited in the power they could hold. While they held economic power, this did not have much of an impact upon the legal and political rights of Athenian citizens as economic inequality was not seen as having as important a role in democracy as other egalitarian principles – they was accepted. The occurrences of violations of democracy by the rich does not show the weakness of the state as a whole only the weaknesses of individuals in certain instances and the inevitability of those with wealth having certain advantages over others – these should not be seen as any substantial drawback to the ideals of meritocracy in the Athenian state. The Athenian Constitution largely justifies describing Athens as a meritocracy. It allowed for legal and political rights to become universal for all Athenian citizens where each man was considered justly under the eyes of the polis. Athenian Democracy was not perfect. Like all systems there were areas which were vulnerable to corruption and which were arguably harmful to a healthy state. There undoubtedly was a selection of the wealthy elite who would often use their wealth for self-aggrandisement rather than supporting the state – but this has to be expected in all societies. On the whole, the Democracy of Athens was largely egalitarian in political and legal matters where those who were citizens were treated with the same eyes. The wealthy in society were, to a large extent, prohibited from using their wealth to defile the workings of the state. The times in which the wealthy were able to exert a certain level of power were inevitable blowbacks to a society where there was a competition for money and a competition for power. The power that the wealthy had and used was not enough to taint a relatively sophisticated political system and where corruptions of that system occurred, personal power-grabbing was often shrouded in popular support and the use of wealth for personal gain was seen as an inevitable circumstance of self-preservation. Bibliography M. I. Finley (1962) ‘Athenian Demagogues’ Past Present 21: 3-24 Ober, J. Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: rhetoric, ideology, and the power of the people, (Princeton University Press; US; 1989.) Ober, J. ‘Public Speech and the Power of the People in Democratic Athens’ in The Athenian Revolution. Essays on Ancient Greek democracy and political theory, (Princeton University Press; US; 1996) Raaflaub, K.A. ‘Equalities and Inequalities in Athenian Democracy’ in Ober, J. and Hedrick, C. (eds.) Demokratia. A conversation on Democracies, ancient and modern, (Princeton University Press; US; 1996) Hansen, M. H. ‘The Political Leaders’ in The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes (Blackwell; UK; 1991) Davies, J.K. Wealth and the Power of Wealth in Classical Athens, (Ayer Co; New York; 1981.) Sinclair, R.K. Democracy and Participation in Athens, (Cambridge University Press; Cambridge; 1988.) Aristotle – The Art of Rhetoric (Penguin; UK; 1991) Demosthenes – Political Speeches (Oxford University Press; London; 2014)

Research paper in Mcdonald’s Philippines Essay

I. Executive Summary Company McDonald’s Philippines is a subsidiary of the Filipino-owned Golden Arches Development Corporation. The first Filipino McDonald’s to open for business was in the Morayta university districts in Manila during 1981. These days McDonald’s is operating over 150 restaurants throughout the islands of the  Philippines. Being a 100% Filipino-owned franchise allows McDonald’s Philippines to be more agile and take quicker actions, making them an even more competitive force in the Filipino fast-food market. McDonald’s in the Philippines is owned by Filipino entrepreneur George Yang brought the brand to the country in 1981 after several attempts. In the first few attempts, Yang was turned down by the heads of McDonald’s in the US saying that the Philippines was in the radar (for expansion) but was not yet a priority. Challenge Accurate and timely demographic data is difficult to obtain in western economies; the ability to collect this precise data is even further strained when the survey is of a developing country. With a land area of 300,000 km2 spread over 7000 islands and a domestic population of nearly 100 million people, timely and accurate demographic data requires in-depth, thorough, but quick market surveying. McDonald’s Philippines has been operating in an incredibly competitive market for over 25 years. Domestic competition from the leading local fast-food provider Jollibee and common international rival KFC have created an environment in which McDonald’s must move swiftly and efficiently in order to gain market share and increase profitability. In order to expand effectively, McDonald’s needs to better understand where there are market gaps that can be filled. Additionally, McDonald’s needs to have the most up to date data to determine if current stores are cannibaliz ing each other’s trade area. To achieve this McDonald’s management will need detailed, segmented demographic data of the Philippines overlaid with both theirs and competitors’ restaurant locations. II. Situation Analysis 1. Product Offering They serve the typical consumer wants like burgers, spaghetti, fries, floats, ice cream, rice and chicken meals. 2. Market Analysis a. Vision, Mission, and Values. Vision: â€Å"Una sa Pamilyang Pinoy†. First to respond to the fast changing needs of the Filipino family. First choice when it comes to food and dining experience. First mention as the ideal employer and socially responsible company. First to respond to the changing lifestyle of the Filipino family. Mission: To serve the Filipino community by providing great-tasting food and the most relevant customer delight experience. Values: Customer-Driven: Conscious and deliberate action to exceed the needs and requirements both internal and external customers; Malasakit: Concern for the customer, employees, co-workers, business partners, community and company. Integrity: Being upright in character and action, upholding the standards of one’s profession and position through honesty, responsibility, and trust Teamwork: Working as ONE towards achieving a common goal Excellence: Day to day drive to deliver THE BEST results b. Target Market SEGMENTING BY AGE 1. School-Age Children †¢ From toddler to early grade school. 2. Tweens (8-12) †¢ Biggest influencer over family purchases. 3. Generation Y or Millenials (13-19) †¢ Commonly referred to as teens or young adult. 3. Generation X †¢ Born between 1966 and 1981. †¢ Family-oriented, well educated, and optimistic. Has a stable career, ready to settle down 4. Baby Boomers †¢ Born between 1946 and 1965. †¢ Lucrative segment. Diverse segment that generally tends to value health and quality of life. 5. Seniors †¢ Also called the gray or silver market. Elder people, retirees, etc. c. Market Trends Green Dining is a trend that we would like to encourage, the mechanics are the customers get the option on bringing their own container for drinks, utensils, and bags for take out, this will deduct a corresponding amount to their bill. With this trend we hope to reduce the waste produced by the food chains and as well as the expenses. The uniqueness of our happy meal box to attract many kids to buy collectible toys. d. Market Growth Rate McDonald’s Philippines has a current market share of 14% but with some aggressive marketing scheme and a little bit of adjustments we estimate that the market shares of McDonald’s Philippines will boost from 14% to 25% within the following years. Competition SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Affordable products Good location Excellent customer service Service crew punctuality Quality of food Customer assessment Opportunities Threats Unique product offerings Media exposure Effective promotion schemes Customer Safety Health conscious consumers Environmentalists h. PEST Analysis Political Factors Economic Factors The change of tax rates in the country The raise of minimum wage rates Improper allocation of tax funds Inflation rate Unemployment rate Employment rate Socio-cultural Factors Technological Factors Consumer behavior Internet Social Media i. Market Profitability There are certain factors that affect market profitability, first are Buyer Power. We can safely say that the products of McDonald’s are normal goods, so when the buyer’s income increases, their purchases of McDonald’s food products will also increase. Next we have the Supplier Power if we were to purchase raw materials in bulk then we could obtain a trade discount, helping us decrease our expenses and lower the prices of our products,  making it more affordable to the consumers. Third we have Barriers to Entry; we can decrease the number of competitors by being more efficient in our production, like what I have stated earlier regarding the trade discount. This is one way to be efficient and if the company were to develop innovative products or improve the quality of their product and services, then it would be hard for another firm to enter the market. j. Industry Cost Structure Firm Infrastructure: Market Strategy, Business Strategy Human Resource Management: Product Development, Staff recruitment and training Procurement: Equipment, Raw materials Inbound Logistics: -Pricing -Transportation -Fuel Operations: -Storage maintenance -Production of food and beverages -Sanitation of facilities Outbound Logistics: -Delivery -Drive through Sales and Marketing: -Promos -Discounts -Events Service: -Online delivery -Feedbacks form consumers through social media k. Distribution Channels Our other means of selling the product is through direct selling in events like concerts, carnivals, festivals, etc. Exclusive Distribution and we also see the possibility of putting up McDonald’s food trucks at areas where McDonald’s is unavailable to see the possibility of putting up a restaurant in those areas depending on the sales and revenues generated. l. Key Success Factors Our other means of selling the product is through direct selling in events like concerts, carnivals, festivals, etc. We also see the possibility of putting up McDonald’s food trucks at areas where McDonald’s is unavailable to see the possibility of putting up a restaurant in those areas depending on the sales and revenues generated. m. Marketing Mix Strategy (4p’s) After analyzing the market, finding the key factor, target segment and understanding the market demand, every company needs to come up with an offers or such type of plan, that speed up the growth of the company. For which McDonalds uses 5p’s of marketing mix which are as follows: 1. Product 2. Place 3. Price 4. Promotion 1. Product: Products include that, how the company should design, manufacture the product so that it enhance the customer experience? Product is the physical product or services offered by the company to its customers. McDonalds includes certain aspects of its product such as packaging, desirability, looks, etc. This consists of both tangible and non-tangible aspects of the product and services. And it has purposely kept its product depth and product width limited. McDonalds continuously innovates its products according to the changing preferences and tastes of its customers. The recent example is the introduction of the Mc Spicy Chicken burger and latest introduction of chicken style burger. McDonald’s serves the world some of its favorite food like the Big Mac, Big n’ Tasty, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, Cheeseburger, French Fries, Egg McMuffin, Apple Pie and Sundae. This is what we are famous for, globally and locally. In the Philippines, we are also happy to serve local favorites like  Chicken McDo, Burger McDo and McSpaghetti. These favorites were specially made to cater to the unique Filipino p alate. 2. Place: The place consists of distribution channels and outlets of the company. They used to franchise McDonalds near Jollibee food chain so that there is a competition between two food chains. Usually they put it up near universities and inside the mal and near vacation hotspots. Now McDonalds have also started offering internet facilities at their outlets, along with music system through computers, not the music but the music which preferred by young generation in order to attract them. 3. Price: They released new strategy of buying products for the consumers. They called it the â€Å"BFF BURGER BUNDLES† and â€Å"BFFCHICKENBUNDLES† . 4. Promotion: Setting The Promotion Mix An advertisement is targeted to attract the masses it reaches to large number of people at a time. Advertising is one of the most important tools for promotion which had various ways of advertisement in that advertisement through billboards and media are often used by any of the business enterprise. Consumers mostly perceive goods which are advertised goods, as they assume it is more rightful. Due to distinct features of advertisement McDonalds also hold the hand of advertising. There are three main objectives of advertising for McDonalds are to make people aware of an item, feel positive about it and remember it. The right message has to be communicated to the right people through the right media. McDonalds does its promotion through television commercials, billboards and now they used online advertisement. They use print ads and the television programmes are also an important marketing medium for promotion. III. Marketing Strategies 1. Business Strategy a. Franchise Module As per franchise model of McDonalds Only 15% of the total number of restaurants are owned by the company. The remaining 85% is operated by franchisees. The company follows all the framework of training and monitoring of its franchises to ensure that they achieve good QUALITY SERVICE, CLEANLINESS AND VALUE FOR THE MONEY offered by the company to its customers. b. Product Consistency By developing a sophisticated supplier networked operation and distribution system, the company has been able to achieve consistent product taste and quality across the nations of the world. c. Act like a retailer think like a brand McDonald’s focuses not only on a delivering sales for the immediate present, but also protecting its long term brand reputation. 2. Segmentation, targeting and Positioning McDonald’s uses demographic segmentation strategy with age as the parameter. The main target segments are children into consideration, children are more attracted towards toys and delicious meals including teenagers such their place foe their entertainment and the urban families select McDonald’s on various occasion like birthday party, to treat children. To also for the seniors to enjoy their delicious and yummy burgers. IV. Industrial Analysis a. Threats Of New Entrants Possible competing firms are likely to increase because society nowadays is searching for affordable food. Most of the people today refer to affordable but tasty that can deal with their customer satisfaction, so the rate of new entrants is expected to increase. b. Bargaining Power Of Buyers There is a low bargaining power for the buyers because the company will imply  fix but reasonable pricing. The buyers’ curiosity is surely a great factor in buying rate of the products but, it won’t be a reason for the decreasing chances of the products’ price. The increasing price of the product will vary upon the market demand and as well as the supplies. c. Bargaining Power Of Suppliers Suppliers tend to bargain on the price of the resources needed like, chicken, beef, potatoes, rice etc. This happens when the prices of the commodities goes up, the company tends to increase their products and services, as a result the company’s which they usually supply might switch to a different supplier who offers the product and their services at a lower price. There is a low bargaining power for the suppliers because the resources needed for production are abundantly available in the market. d. Rivalry McDonald’s is one of the most famous fast food chains in the world compared to its local competitors. They are also one of the leading fast food chains that donate a portion of their sales to charity and create creative TVC’s that are family and friend oriented. e. Substitutes There are a lot of substitutes for McDonald’s like Jollibee, Burger king, KFC, and Wendy’s to name a few, but despite the variety of substitutes this is no sign of weakness but a sign of strength. McDonald’s is also adapting to the fast advancement of technology like adapting an online delivery portal and social experiments which most people are fond of. V. Customer Analysis a. Survey b. Profile a. Age: all ages b. Class: A, B and C c. Sex: Both Males and Females d. Education: All levels of education including those who didn’t have an education e. Income: Those with minimum wages and above f. Places: Cities and Provinces VI. Competitor Analysis a. Competitor Profile Tony Tan and his family founded Jollibee with its humble beginnings as an Ice Cream Parlor, which later grew into an emerging global brand. At the heart of its success is a family-oriented approach to personnel management, making Jollibee one of the most admired employers in the region with an Employer of the Year Award from the Personnel Management Association of the Philippines, Best Employer in the Philippines Award from Hewitt Associated and a Top 20 Employer in Asia citation from the Asian Wall Street Journal. Values Customer Focus Excellence Respect for the Individual Teamwork Spirit of Family and Fun Humility to Listen and Learn Honesty and Integrity Frugality Mission â€Å"To serve great tasting food, bringing the joy of eating to everyone†. Source: http://www.jollibee.com.ph/about-us/ b. Competing Product Features Product Feature McDonald’s Jollibee Value Meals Available Everyday Available Monday-Friday Delivery Time Depends on the order Guaranteed 30 minutes Burgers Optional Double Patties Single Patty c. Target Market Section Age: all ages Class: A, B and C Sex: Both Males and Females Education: All levels of education including those who didn’t have an education Income: Those with minimum wages and above Places: Cities and Provinces Filipino Kids ages 3-10 years old; Teens ages 11-21 years old. Can be male/female. Filipino Families – even the senior citizen. Social Classes C, D, and E Looking for budget-friendly or quick meals. Target Audience: The Traditional Family and all communication materials focus on the importance of family values, making Jollibee the number one family fast food chain in the Philippines. d. Positioning strategy Ensuring high traffic needs an emphasis on store location and positioning Jollibee in the minds of the consumer as a place that they would enjoy eating fast food. This entails proper branding and positioning of the service offered. Jollibee also projected itself as world class and not a local brand. The service that is offered should be consistent over all Jollibee stores, however this might be a problem as the division has been slimmed recently and resources might be stretched too far. e. Marketing Mix Strategy Product- they continue to innovate their products which are the rice meals and strengthen its weaknesses to ensure that their clients will be satisfied with their products and continue buying it. They try to make price bundling. Place- they locate their stores near places where it tends to be crowded with people, granting them accessibility to their food chains, they also put up restaurants near public areas like churches, bus stations, hospitals, parks, etc. Just like in SM-Dasmarinas they have 3 branches of Jollibee’s, every mall has Jollibee like hypermarkets, supermarkets and near plaza’s. Price- they try to price their products as low as possible, they also provided a value meal that can go head to head with the value meal offered by McDonald’s. They also started selling their products in ala Carte just like McDonald’s Promotions- Jollibee does its best to hire artists that are currently in demand like Julia baretto, Sarah Geronimo, Carmina Villaruel, etc. They also mix it up with some real life stories to give inspiration to their viewers casting regular people to make it look more legitimate. Consumer Promotion pull promotional activities designated to encourage demand by end like Banded/bundled packs, Continuity Program, introductory Discount Coupons, Internet Advertising like sky scrapers, sponsorship ads. f. Differential Advantage Analysis The advantage of Jollibee over McDonald’s is first; it’s a Filipino Brand. Which means the very core values of Jollibee is whatever the core values of a regular Filipino, like Family. Another would be taste, since it is a local brand; there is no need to localize it, making their products stays as it is. Whatever they are doing, they are doing it right.

How to Make Copper Sulfate

Copper sulfate crystals are among the most beautiful crystals you can grow, but you might not have access to a chemistry lab or want to order the copper sulfate from a chemical supply company. Thats okay because you can make copper sulfate yourself using readily-available materials. Materials for Making Copper Sulfate There are a few different ways you can make copper sulfate yourself. This method relies on a little electrochemistry to get the job done. You will need: copper wire—which is high purity coppersulfuric acid—H2SO4—battery acidwater6-volt battery Make Copper Sulfate Fill a jar or beaker with 5 ml concentrated sulfuric acid and 30 ml of water. If your sulfuric acid solution is already diluted, add less water.Set two copper wires into the solution so that they are not touching each other.Connect the wires to a 6-volt battery.The solution will turn blue as copper sulfate is produced. When you run electricity through copper electrodes which are separated from each other in a dilute sulfuric acid bath the negative electrode will evolve bubbles of hydrogen gas while the positive electrode will be dissolved into the sulfuric acid and oxidized by the current. Some of the copper from the positive electrode will make its way to the anode where it will be reduced. This cuts into your copper sulfate yield, but you can minimize the loss by taking some care with your set-up. Coil the wire for the positive electrode and set it at the bottom of your beaker or jar. Slip a piece of plastic tubing (e.g., a small length of aquarium hose) over the wire where it extends up from the coil to keep it from reacting with the solution near the anode. (If you had to strip your wire, leave the insulating coating on the part that runs down into the liquid). Suspend the negative copper electrode (anode) over the cathode coil, leaving a good amount of space. When you connect the battery, you should get bubbles from the anode, but not the cathode. If you get bubbling at both electrodes, try increasing the distance between the electrodes. Most of the copper sulfate will be at the bottom of the container, separated from the anode. Collect Your Copper Sulfate You can boil the copper sulfate solution to recover your copper sulfate. Because the solution contains sulfuric acid, you wont be able to boil the liquid off completely (and you need to take care not to touch the liquid, which will become concentrated acid). The copper sulfate will precipitate out as a blue powder. Pour off the sulfuric acid and reuse it to make more copper sulfate! If you would prefer to have copper sulfate crystals, you can grow them directly from the blue solution that you prepared. Just allow the solution to evaporate. Again, use care in recovering your crystals because the solution is very acidic.

Bmw (Project Proposal on Bmw) - 1635 Words

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The environment is also classified by inflation, economic growth, interest rates and price change. * BMW having no big impact of recession. In recession demand of cars declines, in this period of time the strength of individual brand and product portfolio help reduce negative economy effect. In 2004 the revenue is 6.8 percent higher than 2003, revenues in Euro terms get higher as compare to other years. * BMW having threat like all companies do. They threatened by Daimlerchrysler AG(DAI), Audi (Volksvegan), Lexus(Toyota),Show MoreRelatedBmw the 7-Series Project a7231 Words   |  29 Pages9-692-083 REV. JANUARY 03, 2002 GARY PISANO BMW: The 7-Series Project (A) As he accelerated past the security gates of BMW’s Research and Engineering Center, Carl-Peter Forster, director of Prototype and Pilot Manufacturing, thought about the 7-series project meeting. 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